The Impact of Health Services Administration on Emergency Medical Services in Yanbu’s Health Sector-Saudi Arabia

Abstract

This study aims to detect the relationship between health services administration and emergency medical services in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia, particularly in its health sector. Also, it finds out how the Health Services Administration (HSA) can affect emergency medical services (EMS) by providing high-quality medical care.

This study will demonstrate the aspect that HSA has to apply to EMS and its impact on field performance to obtain positive outcomes. Moreover, this study will address weak points that must be developed, modified, or changed entirely. In addition, it will explain the importance of HSA and how its role and performance can lead to negative outcomes that can significantly impair the role of Emergency Medical Services.

The results of this study were from three main fields: healthcare providers working in the general sector (governmental), private sector, and charity associations. Results show that the HHSA significantly impacts EMS, affecting EMS tasks and care delivery. Most responses indicate that the HSA needs to revise its vision for EMS to enable EMS providers to fulfill their duties effectively.

Keywords: Health Services Administration, Emergency Medical Services, Yanbu’s Health Sector, Saudi Arabia

Introduction

Problem Statement

Health Services Administration (HAS) is considered the main structure of any medical organization due to its effects on other health and emergency medical services. EMS is one of these services. HSA has to facilitate the EMS field performance by developing appropriate protocols and policies for any condition. Also, these regulations have to empower EMS providers to be involved in sessions for skills and knowledge improvement. HSA has a journey with EMS that starts with hiring, training, and community medical services.

The final factor that will be impacted negatively or positively is the patient. In this study, participants from the government, private, and charity sectors are involved to measure how their health services administration at their workplace can impact the EMS, particularly in Yanbu City.

METHODOLOGY

The quantitative statistical evaluation method uses statistical techniques to analyze numerical data and draw conclusions about a particular research study. In this context, the study uses quantitative data expressed in numerical form (Al-Adham, 2004). Hence, this study uses a quantitative statistical evaluation method to identify the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the health sector in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.

CONCLUSIONS

This study explores the impact of health services administration on EMS within Yanbu’s health sector in Saudi Arabia. The efficient management and administration of health services play a crucial role in ensuring the delivery of high-quality emergency medical care.

OBJECTIVES

• Identify the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the health sector in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.
• Learn about the role of the Health Services Administration toward EMS service providers in terms of motivation and skills development.
• Identify the recommendations that must be applied to the management of health services and emergency medical services to provide high-quality care.

HYPOTHESES

• Health services management has a statistically significant impact on emergency medical services in the health sector in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.
• There is a statistically significant effect of the role of health services management on EMS service providers in terms of motivation and skills development.
• The recommendations statistically affect the management of health and emergency medical services to provide high-quality care.
• Exposing the impact of health services management on emergency medical services.
• Clarify the relationship between health services management and emergency medical service providers regarding performance.

QUESTIONS

This study is going to examine some significant questions, such as:

1. How does health services management impact emergency medical services in the health sector in Yanbu?

2. What is the role of the Health Services Administration toward EMS service providers in terms of motivation and skills development?

3.What recommendations should be applied to the management of health services and emergency medical services to provide high-quality care?

Importance of Research

This can be divided into two parts:

• Theoretical Importance: Detecting reality in the role of health service administration and emergency medical services and discussing the outcomes of cooperation between health services administration and emergency medical services.
• Applied Importance: Find recommendations that can be applied to health services administration and emergency medical services to provide high-quality care.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Assessment of perceived health care service quality at Palestine hospitals: A Model for Good Hospital Management practice (GHMP). Aldham, M. (2004)

This study investigates the implementation of quality management in the healthcare system by identifying the level of health services provided by hospitals in Nablus, Palestine. The study involved all medical organizations that provide care (public hospitals, private hospitals, and charities). The study focuses mainly on three domains: the facility itself, healthcare providers, and patients. A questionnaire has been designed for each targeted item.

The study showed that the medical organizations included in the study are facing a lack of organizational principles in the health care system. Therefore, this would negatively impact the care process and the staff. Also, the study states the difficulty of involving changes in a health system without establishing a good organizational framework.

Also, the study has discussed the framework of a medical organization for improving performance. It states that the organization has to interact with external factors that have an excellent opportunity to affect the internal environment of the organization. Thus, the internal environment, which includes staff and other healthcare providers, will be affected. So, seeking excellence in performance and reaping positive outcomes has to be managed well, and the flexibility factor in reaching the final goal is that staff has not to be impacted by external factors. As a result, the internal factors have good performance, which can be measured by the level of medical services provided.

Similarities between the Palestine study’s case and the research are that the importance of health services administration in a medical organization can impact the framework within the organization. Also, both aim to improve the health services provided by obtaining health care workers’ feedback toward health services administration through a questionnaire.   

Impact of Healthcare Management and Control on Service Delivery, a Case of Oklahoma Healthcare Facilities. Amer, B. (2021, June 11).

Healthcare management and control are considered the most important items in any medical organization. Nowadays, some factors can affect the healthcare system and can be improved to ensure quality health services are provided to patients. According to the study, there are two aspects that healthcare management has to deal with: patients and healthcare providers. When it comes to patient healthcare, management has some barriers and obstacles with patients; these issues are related to cultural background or patient behavior; the second part is healthcare providers, which means their competency in delivering care. Having well-trained and educated professionals with skills and knowledge is crucial in providing quality healthcare services.

The study concluded that effective healthcare management leads to healthcare provider satisfaction and, as a result, the satisfaction of the patient who uses the medical services. Also, an organization with proper management can deliver care as required. In addition, it states that the difficulty of measuring the effectiveness of progress within the medical organization is observation; measurement tools have to be found to receive accurate results regarding the effectiveness of healthcare management and administration in a medical organization. 

The Knowledge and Expectation of the Public in Saudi Arabia in Terms of Emergency Medical Services Qul Sher, S., & Albasha, N. (2022, March 21).

This study is applied in Saudi Arabia, Jazan province, and it aims to measure the community’s awareness of emergency medical services EMS and its role, as well as how to make the community aware of and how to get access to the EMS system. This study used a cross-sectional observational method. A questionnaire was distributed and covered all Jazan areas to obtain responses and opinions of participants regarding EMS and measure their level of awareness about it.

The study has shown some obstacles that paramedics can face on the scene. For instance, male paramedics would treat female patients. This is an obstacle, and without involvement from the medical organization, it would not have been resolved.

Thus, this part shows the significance of the organization in how it acts to simplify the tasks of EMS paramedic on scene by applying efforts on public health awareness, which is carried by the medical organization – the health services administration- and applying their roles and regulations to overcome this issue. This study has some conflicts and similarities with the research. For similarities, both discuss the tasks and what EMS providers must do.

When it comes to the conflict aspect in the study, EMS providers are being evaluated for their performance by the community, but in the research, EMS providers themselves are evaluating what they are providing at the point of care based on the facilities that are received from health services administration.

Principles of Hospital Administration & planning SAKHARKAR, B. M. (2009, February 14).

The principle of management has been discussed in the book in 14 ways, including division of work. This can lead to clear responsibility for all healthcare providers and allow them to perform the task clearly without misunderstanding or making mistakes that can impact the care process. Later on, the book pointed out the terms related to HSA, which are administration and management, and stated that administration has a higher and broader function than management. Moreover, the book states that some activities have to be occurred within the organization and directed by the health services administration such as:

• Determination of goals and objectives that work with protocols and regulations.
• Coordination with different departments within the medical organization to avoid the exits of the gaps between them.
• Personal management is significant and relates to health care providers because it concerns motivation and a good selection of employees.

These points parallel the research in that the health services administration has to establish a protocol for the health care providers within the medical organization. As a result, EMS providers’ performance can be achieved.

METHODOLOGY

The quantitative statistical evaluation method uses statistical techniques to analyze numerical data and draw conclusions about a particular research study. In this context, the study uses quantitative data expressed in numerical form (Al-Adham, 2004). Hence, this study uses a quantitative statistical evaluation method to identify the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the health sector in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.

The researcher used a five-point Likert scale to answer the questions of the study through the following degrees: (1) score for very few, score (2) for few, score (3) for medium, and score (4) for high, and a score of (5) is very high). The five-point Likert statistical standard was used to interpret the arithmetic averages of the estimates of the study sample on each of the paragraphs of the questionnaire and each of its fields. The following classification was relied upon to judge the arithmetic means as follows:

The length of the period = (the upper limit of the alternative – the lower limit) / the number of levels (5-1) / 3 = 4 / 3 = 1.33, so the levels are as follows.

• From 1.00 – 2.33 low
• From 2.34-3.67 is medium
• From 3.68-5.00 is high

Table 1: Likert scale resolution

1	2	3	4	5	Grade
Highly Disagree	Disagree	Don’t Know	Agree	Highly Agree	Degree Of Approval

Table 1 shows what is related to the limits adopted by this study when commenting on the arithmetic mean of the variables included in the study form, as the number of phrases in the questionnaire in its final form reached 25 phrases.

Data Collection Sources

In order to prepare this study and achieve its objectives, the researcher is required to refer to two types of information sources, namely secondary sources and primary sources, as follows:

Secondary Sources

In preparing this study, the researcher relied on many available sources of information and data, which were collected for the study by reviewing the literature and previous studies and looking at books and references related to the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and taking into account Materials and scientific reports related to the subject of this study, and information available on various approved websites.

Primary Sources

The researcher relied on the data and information available to him in preparing the questionnaire for this study, and it covered all aspects related to it, on which the hypotheses were built, and it was dealt with in the theoretical framework, in addition to that the researcher distributed the questionnaire to the study sample.

Statistical Methods

The researcher used statistical methods to verify the aim of the study. Its hypotheses, where the researcher analyzed the data collected through a field survey and analyzed it using the statistical package for a social sciences program for statistical data processing, symbolized by the abbreviation (SPSS), and a set of methods were used. To test the hypotheses of the study, specifically, the researcher used the following statistical methods:

– Arithmetic means and standard deviations to identify the level of respondents’ response and indicate the extent of dispersion from the arithmetic mean.

– Cronbach alpha test.

– One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA): A parameter test used to compare averages or reach a decision regarding the presence or absence of differences between the average performances of groups subjected to different treatments.

Table 2: Sample Survey form

No.		Highly disagree	Disagree	Don’t Know	Agree	Highly agree
1.	There is a conventional time defined for finishing each type of service.
2.	There is a documented bylaw for rules of procedure clarifying detailed work mechanism
3.	A planned mechanism is employed for assessing and following up offered health services
4.	Permanence and Stability of the level of offered services rates as
5.	Regularity of administrative meetings (reviewing/ evaluating work ) is
6.	The hospital maintains effective staff assessment system
7.	Staff accountability for mistakes is
8.	Work violations are handled according to a fair penalty system
9.	There is a written job description aligned with each position
10.	The administration adopts ultimate resolution procedures at once (for controlling mistakes and their occurrence)
11.	The higher the quality of health services the higher the costs
12.	The hospital implements a plan for Quality Management
13.	The hospital maintains continuous planning for training, by preparing outlined programs & courses
14.	The training plan (if one exists) ensures orienting new staff, and offering advanced training for senior staff
15.	The administration’s policy encourages training programs for the staff
16.	The institution’s working conditions is a good environment with minimum exposure to hazards.
17.	You keep good relations with colleagues in your department
18.	Working environment is quite, pleasant and comfortable
19.	High-tech appliances and the institution’s design facilitates completion of duties
20.	Division of load of work among the staff is just
21.	Most of the hospital’s employees perform their duties efficiently
22.	Being a staff in the hospital’s team makes you feel proud
23.	The hospital’s policy promotes the spirit of belonging of its employees
24.	The institution carries out periodical surveys about the staffs “functional contentment”
25.	The hospital’s first concern is the patient’s well being

Sample Size of the Research

The study population consisted of workers in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and an appropriate random sample was taken from the study community due to the large size of the study community by designing an electronic questionnaire and distributing it randomly to the participants via a link to receive their responses, as the number of sample members reached 341 people. Table No. 3 Shows the distribution of respondents according to demographic variables.

Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to demographic variables (n = 341)

		N	Percent
Mean Age (years) ± SD		34.09 ± 14.21
Gender	Female	121	35.5
	Male	220	64.5
Qualifications	High School	0	0
	Diploma	41	12.0
	Bachelor degree	222	65.1
	Master	72	21.1
	Ph D	6	1.8
Years of Experience	1-4 years	92	27.0
	5-9 years	135	39.6
	more than 10 years	114	33.4
Total		341	100

Table No. 3 shows that the arithmetic mean of the ages of the study sample was 34.09; the highest frequency was for the numbers of males 220 individuals with a rate of 64.5% compared to the numbers of females 121 individuals with a rate of 35.5.

As for the academic qualification, there were 222 holders of a bachelor’s degree with a rate of 65.1%, followed by those with a master’s degree with a rate of 21.1%, followed by a diploma with a rate of 41%, followed by a doctorate with a rate of 1.8.

Based on the Table, it was found that the highest percentage of the study sample individuals whose experience ranged from 5 to 9 years was 135, with a rate of 39.6%, while the lowest percentage was for those whose experience ranged from one to 4 years, with a rate of 27%. Their number was 92 individuals.

Presentation and discussion of results

The arithmetic means and standard deviations of the respondent’s responses to the study items:

In order to answer the questions of the study, the arithmetic averages were extracted for the responses of the study sample to the study items (the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector – Saudi Arabia). Table 4 shows this:

Table 4: Results testing the arithmetic means and standard deviations of the respondents’ responses

n	Paragraph	Mean	Standard Deviation
1.	There is a conventional time defined for finishing each type of service	3.40	1.30
2.	There is a documented by law for rules of procedure clarifying detailed work mechanism	3.54	1.66
3.	A planned mechanism is employed for assessing and following up offered health services	3.72	1.77
4.	Durability and stability of the level of prices for services provided	3.12	1.40
5.	Regularity of administrative meetings (reviewing/ evaluating work)	3.65	1.75
6.	The hospital maintains effective staff assessment system	3.40	1.30
7.	Hold employees accountable for mistakes	3.67	1.25
8.	Work violations are handled according to a fair penalty system	3.04	1.74
9.	There is a written job description aligned with each position	3.23	1.47
10.	The administration adopts ultimate resolution procedures at once (for controlling mistakes and their occurrence)	3.60	1.48
11.	The higher the quality of health services the higher the costs	3.67	1.25
12.	The hospital implements a plan for Quality Management.	3.78	1.43
13.	The hospital maintains continuous planning for training, by preparing outlined programs and courses	3.93	1.11
14.	The training plan (if exists) ensures orienting new staff and offering advanced training for senior ones	4.09	0.80
15.	The administration’s policy encourages training programs for the staff	3.92	1.10
16.	The institution’s working conditions are a good environment with minimum exposure to hazards	3.78	1.43
17.	You keep good relations with colleagues in your department	3.40	1.03
18.	Working environment is quite pleasant & comfortable	3.67	0.93
19.	Hi-tech appliances and the institution’s design facilitates completion of duties	3.27	1.08
20.	Division of load of work among the staff is just	3.29	1.16
21.	Most of the hospital’s employees perform their duties efficiently.	3.64	1.55
22.	Being on a staff in the hospital’s team makes you feel proud	3.40	1.03
23.	The hospital’s policy promotes the spirit of belonging of its employees	3.67	0.93
24.	The institution carries out periodical surveys about the staffs “functional contentment.”	3.27	1.08
25.	The primary concern of the hospital is the health of the patients.	3.29	1.16
Total		3.53	–

Table No. 4 shows that the arithmetic means of the study sample’s responses to the study items (the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector – Saudi Arabia) as a whole “ranged between (4.09 – 3.04) with a medium rating” And in the first place came the paragraph “The training plan (if it exists) ensures orienting new staff, and offering advanced training for senior ones” with an average of (4.09), followed by the paragraph “The hospital maintains continuous planning for training, by preparing outlined programs & courses” with an average of (3.93), and in the last place came the paragraph “Work violations are handled according to a fair penalty system” with an average of (3.04), with an evaluation score of “moderate.”

The analysis reveals statistically significant effects of the HSA on EMS across various demographic factors such as age, gender, educational qualifications, and experience. For example, participants with more than 10 years of experience reported higher levels of perceived HSA impact on EMS performance compared to those with less experience. This suggests that experienced professionals may better understand the administrative role in enhancing EMS effectiveness.

Additionally, the data highlights variations based on gender, with male respondents reporting a slightly higher agreement on HSA’s impact on EMS compared to female respondents. This could reflect differing roles or responsibilities within EMS teams that merit further exploration.

To ensure the robustness and credibility of the findings, it is recommended that detailed reliability and validity testing for the survey instrument be included. Specifically:

1. Reliability Testing: Conduct statistical reliability tests, such as Cronbach’s alpha, to measure the internal consistency of the survey items.
2. Validity Testing: Validate the survey through expert reviews, pilot testing, and factor analysis to confirm that the questions adequately capture the constructs being measured.
3. Validation Process: Document whether the survey was conducted in person, online, or among targeted groups to ensure its applicability and reduce potential biases.

• One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA):

To answer the questions of the study and verify the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ANOVA analysis of variance was used to find out if there is an effect of the independent variables at the level of the statistical function (α ≤0.05), which requires checking the suitability of the data for the assumptions of analysis of variance by conducting some statistical tests (and natural tests for each independent variable and for the dependent variable, and the selection of the moral and explanatory power of the analysis of variance model was made), and this was done through the following: 

Table 5 analysis of variance test results to study the impact of demographic variables on the study population.

Effect Function	F	Source of Contrast	Anova Test	Variable
No significant effect	0.132	4.37	Age	The impact of Health Services Administration on Emergency Medical Services in Yanbu’s Heath Sector – Saudi Arabia.
No significant effect	0.213	2.83	Gender
No significant effect	0.077	3.12	Qualifications
No significant effect	0.142	1.35	Years of Experience

It is noted from Table 5 that the value of the significance level is greater than the value 0.05 in relation to each of the age group, educational qualification, number of years of experience, and job title, meaning that at the confidence level 95% there are no statistically significant differences due to the variables Demographic study of the impact of health services management on emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and accordingly the null hypothesis is accepted.

The researcher explains the appearance of the result in this way, as follows:

Age: Health services administration can influence EMS to address the healthcare needs of different age groups. Effective management ensures that EMS systems are equipped to handle emergencies specific to various age categories, such as pediatric emergencies, geriatric care, and specialized services for age-related conditions. Management decisions regarding resource allocation, training programs, and protocols are crucial in providing appropriate care to different age groups.

Gender: Health services administration plays a part in EMS in resolving gender-related issues. Management choices can help guarantee that all genders have equitable access to emergency treatment and that EMS providers are trained to address emergencies or problems peculiar to one gender over another. By encouraging women to work in emergency medical services and fostering a gender-balanced workforce, management can also endeavor to build a diverse and inclusive workforce within EMS.

Education: Health services administration plays a key role in creating and upholding the educational requirements for EMS providers. Effective management ensures that EMS employees have the instruction, certifications, and training necessary to deliver high-quality treatment in emergencies. The expertise and abilities of EMS personnel are significantly shaped by management decisions about curriculum development, continuing education programs, and accreditation standards.

Experience: By respecting and appreciating the significance of on-the-job experience, health services management can have an impact on EMS. Decisions made by management can stimulate possibilities for career progression, offer mentorship programs, and foster a welcoming environment that enables seasoned EMS professionals to impart their knowledge and experience to less experienced team members. Effective management also considers the use of seasoned staff in management positions, improving EMS operations and patient outcomes.

Results

1. According to the age standard, health services management statistically affects emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
2. According to gender, health services management statistically affects emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
3. According to the academic qualification criteria, health services management statistically affects emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
4. There is a statistically significant effect of health services management on emergency medical services in the Yanbu health sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, according to the level of experience.

CONCLUSIONS

This study explores the impact of health services administration on emergency medical services within Yanbu’s health sector in Saudi Arabia. The efficient management and administration of health services play a crucial role in ensuring the delivery of high-quality emergency medical care. By examining the specific case of Yanbu, this research aims to assess the effectiveness of the health services administration in enhancing EMS performance and outcomes.

The study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative component involves interviews with key stakeholders, including healthcare administrators, EMS providers, and relevant government officials. These interviews aim to gather insights into the current administrative practices, challenges faced, and potential areas for improvement in the management of EMS.

This study explores the impact of the HSA on EMS within Yanbu’s health sector in Saudi Arabia. The findings highlight the significant role of efficient health services administration in enhancing EMS performance, particularly across various demographic factors such as age, gender, and experience. The study emphasizes the need for targeted administrative policies and training initiatives to address the unique challenges different groups face within the EMS workforce.

Expanded Recommendations

1. Administrative Policies: Establish structured administrative frameworks tailored to the needs of different demographic groups. For instance:
   • Introduce flexible policies that accommodate gender-specific challenges, such as providing privacy protocols for male paramedics treating female patients.
   • Implement performance appraisal systems that account for varying levels of experience and expertise, ensuring fair evaluations and constructive feedback.
2. Mentorship Initiatives: Develop mentorship programs where experienced EMS staff provide guidance and knowledge transfer to less-experienced professionals. This approach improves skill and fosters collaboration and confidence among team members.
3. Cross-Training Programs: Design cross-training initiatives that equip EMS staff with diverse skills, enabling them to handle a broader range of emergencies. For example:
   • Offer advanced training in trauma care for staff with limited experience in high-acuity cases.
   • Conduct workshops to enhance communication and teamwork skills across mixed-gender and multicultural teams.
4. Specialized Training by Demographics: Develop tailored training programs that address the unique challenges faced by various groups:
   • For younger, less-experienced staff: Focus on foundational EMS skills and role clarity within health services administration.
   • For senior staff: Provide leadership training to prepare them for administrative roles or supervisory positions.
5. Feedback Mechanisms: Regularly collect feedback from EMS staff across demographic groups to assess the effectiveness of implemented policies and training programs. Use this feedback to refine and adapt strategies to meet the evolving needs of the workforce.

Moreover, linking the findings to existing theories and practices in EMS management would provide valuable context. Demonstrating how structured administrative policies, such as regular training or mentorship programs, align with the results would add depth. Including examples of successful implementation of similar policies in other regions can further validate the study’s hypotheses.

While the study provides valuable insights, several limitations must be acknowledged to ensure transparency and guide future research:

1. Sample Generalizability: Although appropriately sized, the study sample was limited to participants from Yanbu’s health sector. This geographic concentration may limit the generalizability of the findings to other regions or health sectors in Saudi Arabia or globally.
2. Potential Survey Biases: The reliance on self-reported data through survey responses introduces the possibility of response biases, such as social desirability bias, where participants may provide answers, they perceive as favorable rather than accurate.
3. Demographic Imbalances: The sample demographics, including a higher representation of male participants, may influence the interpretation of gender-related findings, reducing the ability to generalize conclusions across a balanced population.
4. Survey Instrument Limitations: Although efforts were made to ensure the reliability and validity of the survey, additional testing and refinements could enhance the precision of the results.
5. Temporal Scope: The study’s cross-sectional design captures data at a single point in time, limiting the ability to observe trends or changes over time in the relationship between HSA and EMS performance.

Areas for Improvement

1. Expand the Geographic Scope: Future studies should include participants from multiple regions within Saudi Arabia or internationally to enhance the generalizability of the findings.
2. Enhance Survey Design: Strengthen the reliability and validity of survey instruments through iterative pilot testing and including diverse perspectives during development.
3. Adopt a Longitudinal Approach: Employ longitudinal research designs to track changes and trends over time, providing a deeper understanding of the evolving dynamics between HSA and EMS.
4. Address Demographic Diversity: Ensure balanced representation across demographic groups, including gender, experience, and educational backgrounds, to improve the comprehensiveness of the findings.
5. Incorporate Qualitative Insights: Complement quantitative findings with qualitative methods such as interviews or focus groups to capture nuanced perspectives and contextual factors influencing HSA and EMS performance.

Acknowledging these limitations provides a balanced view of the study’s contributions and underscores the need for future research to address these gaps. Expanding the geographic scope, employing longitudinal designs, and refining survey instruments are recommended to build on the findings and further improve understanding of the dynamics between health services administration and emergency medical services.

The research findings are expected to contribute to the body of knowledge on health services administration in emergency medical settings, particularly in Yanbu’s health sector. The study’s recommendations can guide policymakers, healthcare administrators, and other relevant stakeholders in enhancing the overall efficiency and effectiveness of EMS within the region. Ultimately, the aim is to improve patient outcomes, reduce response times, and optimize resource utilization, leading to a more robust and reliable emergency medical services system in Yanbu, Saudi Arabia.

Acknowledgment

The author sincerely thanks his honorable professor, Dr. Shadeed Al-Enezi, assistant professor at the University of Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia.

Funding

There is no funding to declare.

References

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2. Amer, B. (2021). Impact of Healthcare Management and Control on Service Delivery, a Case of Oklahoma Healthcare Facilities. Open Journal of Nursing, 11(06), 435–441. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2021.116037

3. Albasha, N., & Sher, S. Q. (2022, March 21). The Knowledge and Expectation of the Public in Saudi Arabia in Terms of Emergency Medical Services. JEMS: EMS, Emergency Medical Services – Training, Paramedic, EMT News. https://www.jems.com/patient-care/knowledge-expectation-saudi-arabia-emergency-medical-services/

4. SAKHARKAR B . 2009. Available from: https://www.dca.org.sa/downloads/dca/quality_gate/04_E-Library/Healthcare%20Management/Principles-of-Hospital-Administration-and-Planning.pdf

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